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Genetically-encoded photosensitizer KillerRed
- Light-induced production of reactive oxygen species
- Direct expression in cells, easy targeting to various subcellular compartments
- No exogenous chemical compounds required for chromophore maturation
- Not toxic before activation by green or orange light irradiation
- Recommended for selective light-induced protein inactivation and cell killing
Available variants and fusions
| Variant | Description | Related vector | Cat.# |
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Humanized KillerRed
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KillerRed id developed on the basis of the chromoprotein from Anthomedusae sp.[Shagin et al., 2004]. Its codon usage is optimized for high expression in mammalian cells [Haas et al., 1996], but it can be successfully expressed in many other heterological systems.
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pKillerRed-N
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FP962
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pKillerRed-B
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FP963
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KillerRed-mem fusion
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KillerRed is fused with membrane localization signal (MLS) of neuromodulin. The neuromodulin MLS (N-terminal 20 amino acid residues) contains a signal for posttranslational palmitoylation of cysteines 3 and 4 that targets KillerRed to cellular membranes [Skene and Virag, 1989]. Irradiation of membrane-localized KillerRed leads to high effective and fast cell death, presumably due to lipid oxidation. Comparing to the mitochondrially targeted KillerRed, irradiation of membrane-localized KillerRed leads to even more effective and fast cell death (within 10-30 min). Membrane-targeted KillerRed was shown to be suitable for the light induced cell killing within a developing zebrafish.
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pKillerRed-mem
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FP966
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References:
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Haas J, Park EC, Seed B.
Codon usage limitation in the expression of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.
Curr Biol. 1996; 6 (3):315-24. / pmid: 8805248
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Rizzuto R, Brini M, Pizzo P, Murgia M, Pozzan T.
Chimeric green fluorescent protein as a tool for visualizing subcellular organelles in living cells.
Curr Biol. 1995; 5 (6):635-42. / pmid: 7552174
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Rizzuto R, Nakase H, Darras B, Francke U, Fabrizi GM, Mengel T, Walsh F, Kadenbach B, DiMauro S, Schon EA.
A gene specifying subunit VIII of human cytochrome c oxidase is localized to chromosome 11 and is expressed in both muscle and non-muscle tissues.
J Biol Chem. 1989; 264 (18):10595-600. / pmid: 2543673
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Shagin DA, Barsova EV, Yanushevich YG, Fradkov AF, Lukyanov KA, Labas YA, Semenova TN, Ugalde JA, Meyers A, Nunez JM, Widder EA, Lukyanov SA, Matz MV.
GFP-like proteins as ubiquitous metazoan superfamily: evolution of functional features and structural complexity.
Mol Biol Evol. 2004; 21 (5):841-50. / pmid: 14963095
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Skene JH, Virag I.
Posttranslational membrane attachment and dynamic fatty acylation of a neuronal growth cone protein, GAP-43.
J Cell Biol. 1989; 108 (2):613-24. / pmid: 2918027
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